{if $options->theme->general->favicon != ""} {/if} {includePart parts/seo} {googleAnalytics $options->theme->google->analyticsTrackingId, $options->theme->google->anonymizeIp} {wpHead} {!$options->theme->header->customJsCode} {var $searchFormClass = ""} {if $elements->unsortable[search-form]->display} {var $searchFormClass = $elements->unsortable[search-form]->option('type') != "" ? "search-form-type-".$elements->unsortable[search-form]->option('type') : "search-form-type-1"} {/if} {* ****** HEADER VARIABLES START ********** *} {var $headerLayoutType = ''} {var $headerElementClass = array()} {var $headerImageSrc = ''} {var $headerImageHeight = ''} {if $wp->isSingular('item')} {* SINGLE ITEM SETTINGS *} {var $headerLayoutType = $post->meta('item-data')->headerType} {elseif $wp->isSingular('event-pro')} {* SINGLE ITEM SETTINGS *} {var $headerLayoutType = $post->meta('event-pro-data')->headerType} {elseif $wp->isTax('items') or $wp->isTax('locations')} {* TAXONOMY SETTINGS *} {var $meta = (object) get_option("{$taxonomyTerm->taxonomy}_category_{$taxonomyTerm->id}")} {var $headerLayoutType = isset($meta->header_type) ? $meta->header_type : ''} {elseif $wp->isTax('ait-events-pro')} {* TAXONOMY SETTINGS *} {var $meta = (object) get_option("{$taxonomyTerm->taxonomy}_category_{$taxonomyTerm->id}")} {var $headerLayoutType = isset($meta->header_type) ? $meta->header_type : ''} {else} {* PAGE BUILDER SETTINGS *} {var $headerLayoutType = $options->layout->general->headerType} {/if} {if $headerLayoutType == 'map'} {var $headerLayoutType = $elements->unsortable[header-map]->display ? $headerLayoutType : 'none'} {elseif $headerLayoutType == 'video'} {var $headerLayoutType = $elements->unsortable[header-video]->display ? $headerLayoutType : 'none'} {elseif $headerLayoutType == 'revslider'} {var $headerLayoutType = $elements->unsortable[revolution-slider]->display ? $headerLayoutType : 'none'} {elseif $headerLayoutType == ''} {var $headerLayoutType = 'none'} {/if} {* ****** HEADER VARIABLES END ************ *} {if $options->layout->custom->layout == 'half' && $headerLayoutType != '' && $headerLayoutType != 'none' && $headerLayoutType != 'revslider'} {var $layoutType = 'half'} {elseif $options->layout->custom->layout == 'full'} {var $layoutType = 'full'} {else} {var $layoutType = 'collapsed'} {/if} {if function_exists( 'wp_body_open' )} {wp_body_open()} {else} {doAction wp_body_open} {/if} {* usefull for inline scripts like facebook social plugins scripts, etc... *} {doAction ait-html-body-begin} {if $wp->isPage}
{else}
{/if}

Integrated Pest Management for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in Asia and Africa

« »
Author:
Views:
1335
File size:
251.83 kB
Downloads:
10
Updated:
October 12, 2016

Title of document: Integrated Pest Management for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in Asia and Africa

Authors: Jules Pretty and Zareen Pervez Bharucha

Ministry/Government Agency/Organisation:

Year of publication: 2015

Geographic focus: Asia and Africa

Url original document: http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/6/1/152

Summary: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a leading complement and alternative to synthetic pesticides and a form of sustainable intensification with particular importance for tropical smallholders. Global pesticide use has grown over the past 20 years to 3.5 billion kg/year, amounting to a global market worth $45 billion. The external costs of pesticides are $4–$19 (€3–15) per kg of active ingredient applied, suggesting that IPM approaches that result in lower pesticide use will benefit, not only farmers, but also wider environments and human health. Evidence for IPM’s impacts on pesticide use and yields remains patchy. We contribute an evaluation using data from 85 IPM projects from 24 countries of Asia and Africa implemented over the past twenty years.